Managing blood sugar levels is essential for maintaining overall health, especially for individuals with diabetes. But what happens when blood sugar levels reach extremely alarming heights, such as 900 blood sugar? In this comprehensive guide, we’ll explore whether a 900 blood sugar level is normal, the implications of such high readings, and the necessary steps to take if you or someone you know is experiencing this condition. We’ll break down the information in simple terms to ensure everyone, even an 8th grader, can understand.
Table of Contents
- What is Blood Sugar?
- Normal Blood Sugar Levels
- Is 900 Blood Sugar Normal?
- Understanding Blood Sugar Measurements
- What Causes Critically High Blood Sugar?
- Symptoms of Critically High Blood Sugar
- Risks and Complications of Critically High Blood Sugar
- Diagnosis and Testing for High Blood Sugar
- What to Do If You Have a 900 Blood Sugar Level
- Preventing Critically High Blood Sugar Levels
- Long-Term Management Strategies
- Impact on Daily Life
- Latest Research and Treatments
- Myths and Facts about High Blood Sugar
- Myth 1: High Blood Sugar Only Affects Older Adults
- Myth 2: Only People with Diabetes Experience High Blood Sugar
- Myth 3: You Can’t Control Blood Sugar Levels
- Myth 4: High Blood Sugar Always Causes Symptoms
- Myth 5: Insulin Causes Weight Gain and Should Be Avoided
- Myth 6: High Blood Sugar is Not a Serious Health Issue
- Myth 7: Natural Remedies Can Replace Medical Treatment
- How to Support Someone with High Blood Sugar
- Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ)
- Conclusion
- References
What is Blood Sugar?
Blood sugar, also known as blood glucose, is the main type of sugar found in your blood. It serves as the primary source of energy for your body’s cells. After you eat, your body breaks down carbohydrates into glucose, which enters your bloodstream. Insulin, a hormone produced by the pancreas, helps cells absorb glucose to use as energy or store for later use.
How Blood Sugar Works
When you consume food, especially carbohydrates, your body converts it into glucose. This glucose travels through your bloodstream to reach your cells, where it’s either used immediately for energy or stored for future use. Insulin acts like a key, unlocking your cells to allow glucose to enter. Without enough insulin or if your body becomes resistant to insulin, glucose builds up in your blood, leading to high blood sugar levels.
Normal Blood Sugar Levels
Understanding what constitutes normal blood sugar levels is essential for maintaining health and preventing complications.
- Fasting Blood Sugar (before meals): 70-99 mg/dL
- Postprandial Blood Sugar (2 hours after eating): Less than 140 mg/dL
- Random Blood Sugar Test: Less than 200 mg/dL
These ranges are considered normal for individuals without diabetes. However, for those managing diabetes, target blood sugar levels may vary based on individual health plans.
Is 900 Blood Sugar Normal?
Absolutely not. An 900 blood sugar level is extraordinarily high and indicates a severe medical condition that requires immediate attention. To put it into perspective:
- Normal Range: 70-140 mg/dL
- High Blood Sugar (Hyperglycemia): Above 180 mg/dL
- Extremely High Blood Sugar: Above 600 mg/dL
- Critically High Blood Sugar: Above 800 mg/dL
A 900 mg/dL blood sugar level is significantly above the normal, hyperglycemic, and even extremely high ranges, signaling a potentially life-threatening situation.
Understanding Blood Sugar Measurements
Blood sugar is measured in milligrams per deciliter (mg/dL) in the United States and some other countries. Understanding these measurements helps in managing and monitoring blood sugar levels effectively.
Types of Blood Sugar Tests
- Fasting Blood Glucose Test: Measures blood sugar after an overnight fast.
- Oral Glucose Tolerance Test (OGTT): Measures blood sugar before and after consuming a sugary drink.
- Hemoglobin A1c Test: Reflects average blood sugar levels over the past 2-3 months.
- Random Blood Sugar Test: Measures blood sugar at any time of the day without fasting.
Why Blood Sugar Levels Matter
Maintaining blood sugar within the normal range is vital to prevent complications like nerve damage, kidney failure, and cardiovascular disease. Consistently high levels can lead to both acute and chronic health issues.
What Causes Critically High Blood Sugar?
Several factors can lead to such an elevated blood sugar level. Understanding these causes is crucial for prevention and management.
1. Diabetes Mellitus
The most common cause of critically high blood sugar is diabetes mellitus, particularly Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes. In Type 1 diabetes, the body doesn’t produce enough insulin, while in Type 2 diabetes, the body becomes resistant to insulin.
2. Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA)
DKA is a serious complication of diabetes that occurs when the body starts breaking down fats at an excessive rate, producing ketones, which can lead to acidosis. This condition is often triggered by missed insulin doses, infections, or other illnesses.
3. Hyperosmolar Hyperglycemic State (HHS)
HHS is another severe complication, primarily affecting individuals with Type 2 diabetes. It involves extremely high blood sugar levels without significant ketone production, leading to severe dehydration and electrolyte imbalances.
4. Pancreatic Disorders
Conditions affecting the pancreas, such as pancreatitis or pancreatic cancer, can impair insulin production, leading to elevated blood sugar levels.
5. Medications
Certain medications, including corticosteroids, some antipsychotics, and diuretics, can increase blood sugar levels.
6. Infections and Illnesses
Severe infections, surgeries, or illnesses can cause stress on the body, leading to increased blood sugar levels as the body releases stress hormones like cortisol and adrenaline.
Symptoms of Critically High Blood Sugar
Recognizing the signs of critically high blood sugar is vital for timely intervention. Common symptoms include:
- Frequent Urination: The body attempts to eliminate excess glucose through urine.
- Excessive Thirst: Dehydration caused by frequent urination leads to intense thirst.
- Fatigue: Lack of glucose uptake by cells results in low energy levels.
- Blurred Vision: High blood sugar can cause fluid to be pulled from tissues, including the eyes.
- Nausea and Vomiting: Elevated glucose levels can affect the digestive system.
- Shortness of Breath: The body may try to compensate for metabolic acidosis by increasing breathing rate.
- Confusion or Difficulty Concentrating: Severe hyperglycemia can impair brain function.
- Fruity-Scented Breath: A sign of ketoacidosis where ketones build up in the blood.
- Rapid Heartbeat: The body attempts to manage the imbalance caused by high glucose levels.
- Severe Dehydration: Due to excessive loss of fluids from frequent urination.
In extreme cases, symptoms may escalate to coma or death if not promptly treated.
Risks and Complications of Critically High Blood Sugar
Persistently high blood sugar levels can lead to severe health complications, including:
1. Cardiovascular Disease
High blood sugar damages blood vessels and nerves, increasing the risk of heart disease, stroke, and hypertension. The excess glucose can lead to the buildup of plaque in arteries, narrowing them and making it harder for blood to flow.
2. Nerve Damage (Neuropathy)
Excess glucose can injure nerves, causing pain, tingling, or numbness, especially in the extremities. This condition can lead to severe pain and increased susceptibility to injuries.
3. Kidney Damage (Nephropathy)
Kidneys filter waste from the blood, but high glucose levels can impair their function, potentially leading to kidney failure. Symptoms may include swelling in the lower extremities, high blood pressure, and changes in urine output.
4. Eye Damage (Retinopathy)
Damage to the blood vessels in the retina can result in vision problems or blindness. Diabetic retinopathy is a leading cause of blindness among adults.
5. Foot Damage
Nerve damage and poor blood flow to the feet increase the risk of foot ulcers and infections, which may lead to amputations. Even minor cuts can become serious if not properly treated.
6. Skin Conditions
High blood sugar can make individuals more susceptible to skin infections and disorders, including bacterial and fungal infections.
7. Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA) and Hyperosmolar Hyperglycemic State (HHS)
As mentioned earlier, these are life-threatening emergencies resulting from critically high blood sugar levels. They require immediate medical intervention to prevent fatal outcomes.
8. Cognitive Decline
Chronic hyperglycemia has been linked to cognitive impairments and an increased risk of developing dementia.
9. Increased Risk of Infections
High blood sugar levels can weaken the immune system, making the body more vulnerable to infections like urinary tract infections, skin infections, and pneumonia.
10. Organ Damage
Prolonged high blood sugar can lead to damage in various organs, including the liver and heart, further complicating overall health and increasing mortality risk.
Diagnosis and Testing for High Blood Sugar
Early detection of high blood sugar levels is essential for effective management and prevention of complications.
Diagnostic Tests
- Fasting Blood Glucose Test: Measures blood sugar after an overnight fast. A result above 126 mg/dL on two separate occasions typically indicates diabetes.
- Oral Glucose Tolerance Test (OGTT): Measures blood sugar before and after consuming a sugary drink. A 2-hour blood sugar level above 200 mg/dL suggests diabetes.
- Hemoglobin A1c Test: Reflects average blood sugar levels over the past 2-3 months. An A1c of 6.5% or higher indicates diabetes.
- Random Blood Sugar Test: Measures blood sugar at any time of the day without fasting. A level above 200 mg/dL, especially with symptoms, indicates diabetes.
Continuous Glucose Monitoring (CGM)
CGM devices provide real-time blood sugar readings throughout the day and night, helping individuals manage their levels more effectively and detect patterns or trends.
Importance of Regular Testing
Regular testing allows for early detection and management of high blood sugar levels, reducing the risk of complications and improving overall health outcomes.
What to Do If You Have a 900 Blood Sugar Level
A 900 mg/dL blood sugar level is a medical emergency. Here’s what you should do immediately:
1. Seek Immediate Medical Attention
Contact emergency services or go to the nearest emergency room without delay. Critically high blood sugar levels can lead to life-threatening conditions that require urgent medical intervention.
2. Stay Hydrated
If you can safely do so, drink water to help lower blood sugar levels. However, avoid excessive fluid intake if you’re experiencing vomiting or other severe symptoms, as it can lead to electrolyte imbalances.
3. Follow Medical Advice
Healthcare professionals may administer insulin, fluids, and electrolytes to stabilize your condition. It’s crucial to follow their instructions carefully to bring your blood sugar levels down safely.
4. Monitor Symptoms
Keep track of your symptoms and report any changes to your healthcare provider. This includes monitoring for signs of DKA or HHS, such as difficulty breathing, confusion, or loss of consciousness.
5. Avoid Driving
If you’re feeling unwell, avoid driving or operating machinery to prevent accidents. Severe hyperglycemia can impair your cognitive and motor functions.
6. Do Not Self-Medicate
Avoid taking additional insulin or medications without medical supervision, as incorrect dosages can exacerbate the situation.
Preventing Critically High Blood Sugar Levels
Preventing such high blood sugar levels involves proactive management of diabetes and overall health. Here are some strategies:
1. Regular Monitoring
Check your blood sugar levels regularly as advised by your healthcare provider to detect and address fluctuations promptly. Use a glucose meter or CGM devices for accurate readings.
2. Medication Adherence
Take prescribed medications or insulin as directed. Do not skip doses, and consult your doctor before making any changes to your medication regimen.
3. Healthy Diet
Maintain a balanced diet rich in whole grains, lean proteins, vegetables, and fruits. Limit sugary foods and beverages, and be mindful of carbohydrate intake to manage blood sugar levels effectively.
4. Regular Exercise
Engage in regular physical activity to help control blood sugar levels and improve insulin sensitivity. Activities like walking, swimming, and cycling are beneficial for managing diabetes.
5. Stress Management
Chronic stress can affect blood sugar levels. Practice relaxation techniques such as meditation, yoga, or deep breathing exercises to manage stress effectively.
6. Regular Medical Check-ups
Stay in touch with your healthcare team for routine evaluations and adjustments to your treatment plan as needed. Regular check-ups help in early detection of potential issues.
7. Educate Yourself
Understand the factors that influence your blood sugar levels and how to manage them effectively. Attend diabetes education programs or consult with a diabetes educator for personalized advice.
8. Maintain a Healthy Weight
Achieving and maintaining a healthy weight can improve insulin sensitivity and help control blood sugar levels.
9. Avoid Smoking and Limit Alcohol
Smoking can increase the risk of diabetes complications, and excessive alcohol consumption can affect blood sugar levels. Quit smoking and limit alcohol intake to manage your health better.
Long-Term Management Strategies
Effective long-term management of blood sugar levels involves a combination of lifestyle changes, medication adherence, and regular monitoring. Here are some strategies to maintain stable blood sugar levels over time:
Personalized Diabetes Management Plan
Work with your healthcare provider to create a personalized diabetes management plan that includes diet, exercise, medication, and regular monitoring tailored to your specific needs.
Continuous Education
Stay informed about the latest advancements in diabetes care and management. Attend workshops, read reputable sources, and engage with support groups to stay motivated and knowledgeable.
Regular Physical Activity
Incorporate a mix of aerobic exercises, strength training, and flexibility exercises into your routine. Physical activity helps lower blood sugar levels and improve overall health.
Balanced Nutrition
Focus on a diet that includes a variety of nutrients. Monitor carbohydrate intake, choose complex carbohydrates over simple sugars, and include fiber-rich foods to stabilize blood sugar levels.
Medication Management
Ensure you take medications as prescribed. Understand how each medication works, its side effects, and the importance of maintaining consistent timing and dosage.
Stress Reduction Techniques
Implement stress-reduction techniques into your daily routine. Chronic stress can negatively impact blood sugar levels, so finding effective ways to manage stress is essential.
Regular Health Check-ups
Schedule regular appointments with your healthcare provider to monitor your condition, adjust treatments, and address any new health concerns promptly.
Foot and Eye Care
Regularly check your feet for any signs of injury or infection and have routine eye exams to detect any vision-related complications early.
Mental Health Support
Managing diabetes can be stressful. Seek support from mental health professionals, support groups, or counselors to address any emotional or psychological challenges.
Impact on Daily Life
Critically high blood sugar levels can significantly impact daily life, affecting physical health, emotional well-being, and social interactions.
Physical Impact
- Energy Levels: Persistent fatigue and lack of energy can make daily tasks challenging.
- Mobility: Nerve damage and joint pain can limit physical activity and mobility.
- Chronic Pain: Conditions like neuropathy can cause ongoing pain and discomfort.
Emotional Impact
- Stress and Anxiety: Managing high blood sugar levels can be stressful and lead to anxiety.
- Depression: The constant need to monitor and control blood sugar can contribute to feelings of depression.
- Self-Esteem: Struggles with managing diabetes can affect self-esteem and confidence.
Social Impact
- Relationships: The demands of managing diabetes can strain relationships with family and friends.
- Social Activities: Restrictions on diet and the need for regular medication can limit participation in social events.
- Workplace Challenges: Managing diabetes at work requires planning and may involve taking breaks for monitoring blood sugar levels or administering insulin.
Quality of Life
Chronic high blood sugar can reduce overall quality of life by limiting activities, causing persistent health issues, and requiring constant medical attention.
Latest Research and Treatments
Advancements in medical research continue to improve the management and treatment of high blood sugar levels and diabetes.
Artificial Pancreas
An artificial pancreas is a device that automatically monitors blood sugar levels and delivers insulin as needed, mimicking the function of a healthy pancreas. This technology aims to provide better blood sugar control with minimal manual intervention.
New Medications
Researchers are developing new medications that target different aspects of diabetes management, including drugs that improve insulin sensitivity, reduce glucose production in the liver, and protect pancreatic cells.
Gene Therapy
Gene therapy holds promise for treating diabetes by addressing the underlying genetic causes of the disease. Although still in the experimental stages, it could offer a potential cure in the future.
Stem Cell Therapy
Stem cell therapy aims to regenerate insulin-producing cells in the pancreas, potentially restoring natural insulin production and eliminating the need for insulin injections.
Continuous Glucose Monitoring (CGM) Enhancements
Advancements in CGM technology have made devices more accurate, smaller, and easier to use, providing real-time data and alerts to help individuals manage their blood sugar levels effectively.
Telemedicine
Telemedicine has become an essential tool for managing diabetes, allowing patients to consult with healthcare providers remotely, receive timely advice, and adjust treatment plans without frequent in-person visits.
Personalized Medicine
Personalized medicine approaches tailor treatments based on an individual’s genetic makeup, lifestyle, and specific health needs, improving the effectiveness of diabetes management strategies.
Myths and Facts about High Blood Sugar
Understanding the truth about high blood sugar can help dispel common misconceptions and promote better management practices.
Myth 1: High Blood Sugar Only Affects Older Adults
Fact: High blood sugar can affect individuals of all ages, including children and adolescents. Type 1 diabetes often develops in childhood, while Type 2 diabetes is increasingly seen in younger populations due to rising obesity rates.
Myth 2: Only People with Diabetes Experience High Blood Sugar
Fact: While diabetes is the most common cause, other conditions like hormonal disorders, certain medications, and severe infections can also lead to high blood sugar levels.
Myth 3: You Can’t Control Blood Sugar Levels
Fact: With proper management, including diet, exercise, medication, and regular monitoring, individuals can effectively control their blood sugar levels and reduce the risk of complications.
Myth 4: High Blood Sugar Always Causes Symptoms
Fact: Sometimes, high blood sugar levels may not cause noticeable symptoms, especially in the early stages. Regular monitoring is essential to detect and manage elevated blood sugar levels.
Myth 5: Insulin Causes Weight Gain and Should Be Avoided
Fact: Insulin is a vital hormone for managing blood sugar levels in individuals with diabetes. While some people may experience weight gain as a side effect, the benefits of insulin in controlling blood sugar far outweigh the drawbacks. Proper diet and exercise can help manage any weight changes.
Myth 6: High Blood Sugar is Not a Serious Health Issue
Fact: Extremely high blood sugar levels can lead to life-threatening conditions like diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) and hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state (HHS). Chronic hyperglycemia also increases the risk of severe complications affecting the heart, kidneys, nerves, and eyes.
Myth 7: Natural Remedies Can Replace Medical Treatment
Fact: While lifestyle changes and natural remedies can support blood sugar management, they should not replace medical treatments prescribed by healthcare professionals. Always consult with your doctor before making significant changes to your treatment plan.
How to Support Someone with High Blood Sugar
Supporting someone with high blood sugar involves understanding their condition, providing emotional support, and assisting with practical aspects of diabetes management.
Emotional Support
- Be Patient: Managing high blood sugar can be stressful. Show patience and understanding.
- Encourage: Offer encouragement and positive reinforcement to help them stay motivated.
- Listen: Be a good listener and allow them to express their feelings and concerns.
Practical Support
- Assist with Monitoring: Help them keep track of their blood sugar levels and recognize patterns.
- Prepare Healthy Meals: Support them by preparing balanced meals that align with their dietary needs.
- Encourage Exercise: Engage in physical activities together to promote a healthy lifestyle.
Education and Awareness
- Learn About Diabetes: Educate yourself about diabetes and high blood sugar to better understand their experiences.
- Stay Informed: Keep up-to-date with the latest information and resources related to diabetes management.
Emergency Assistance
- Know the Signs: Be aware of the symptoms of critically high blood sugar and know when to seek medical help.
- Be Prepared: Have a plan in place for emergencies, including knowing how to administer insulin or use a glucagon kit if needed.
Respect Their Independence
- Respect Boundaries: While offering support, respect their autonomy and allow them to manage their condition independently.
- Encourage Self-Care: Promote self-care practices and empower them to take charge of their health.
Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ) on Is 900 Blood Sugar Normal?
1. Is a 900 blood sugar level possible without diabetes?
While extremely high blood sugar levels like 900 mg/dL are most commonly associated with diabetes, particularly Type 1 and Type 2, they can also occur in individuals without diabetes due to severe stress, certain medications, or rare medical conditions affecting insulin production or action. However, such high levels are rare in non-diabetic individuals and typically indicate a serious underlying health issue.
2. What immediate steps should I take if my blood sugar reaches 900 mg/dL?
If your blood sugar reaches 900 mg/dL, it is a medical emergency. Immediately seek emergency medical attention by calling 911 or going to the nearest emergency room. Do not attempt to manage such high levels on your own, as they can lead to life-threatening complications like diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) or hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state (HHS).
3. Can a 900 blood sugar level be reversed?
Yes, with prompt medical intervention, extremely high blood sugar levels can be stabilized. Treatment typically involves administering insulin, fluids, and electrolytes to reduce blood sugar levels safely. However, reversing such high levels requires immediate professional medical care to prevent serious complications or death.
4. What are the long-term effects of experiencing critically high blood sugar levels?
Experiencing critically high blood sugar levels can lead to long-term complications such as cardiovascular disease, nerve damage (neuropathy), kidney damage (nephropathy), eye damage (retinopathy), and an increased risk of infections. Repeated episodes of severe hyperglycemia can significantly impact overall health and quality of life.
5. How can I prevent my blood sugar from reaching dangerously high levels like 900 mg/dL?
Preventing dangerously high blood sugar levels involves:
- Regular Monitoring: Frequently check your blood sugar levels to detect and address fluctuations promptly.
- Medication Adherence: Take prescribed medications or insulin as directed without skipping doses.
- Healthy Diet: Follow a balanced diet with controlled carbohydrate intake and limit sugary foods and beverages.
- Regular Exercise: Engage in physical activity to help regulate blood sugar levels and improve insulin sensitivity.
- Stress Management: Utilize stress-reduction techniques to prevent stress-induced blood sugar spikes.
- Regular Medical Check-ups: Stay in contact with your healthcare provider for ongoing management and adjustments to your treatment plan.
6. Are there any warning signs that my blood sugar is dangerously high before it reaches 900 mg/dL?
Yes, several warning signs may indicate that your blood sugar is dangerously high, including:
- Increased Thirst and Urination: Your body tries to eliminate excess glucose through urine, leading to dehydration.
- Fatigue: High blood sugar can make you feel unusually tired or weak.
- Blurred Vision: Elevated glucose levels can affect fluid balance in your eyes, causing blurred vision.
- Nausea and Vomiting: High blood sugar can impact your digestive system.
- Shortness of Breath: As your body attempts to compensate for metabolic imbalances.
- Confusion or Difficulty Concentrating: Severe hyperglycemia can affect brain function. Recognizing these signs early can help you seek medical attention before blood sugar levels become life-threatening.
7. Can diet alone prevent critically high blood sugar levels?
While a healthy diet is a crucial component of blood sugar management, preventing critically high blood sugar levels typically requires a combination of diet, regular exercise, medication adherence, and continuous monitoring. For individuals with diabetes, insulin or other medications may be necessary to regulate blood sugar effectively. Always consult with a healthcare provider to develop a comprehensive management plan tailored to your needs.
8. What role does insulin play in preventing high blood sugar levels?
Insulin is a hormone that helps cells absorb glucose from the bloodstream to use as energy or store for later use. In individuals with diabetes, insufficient insulin production or insulin resistance can lead to elevated blood sugar levels. Administering insulin or taking insulin-stimulating medications helps lower blood sugar levels and prevents hyperglycemia by facilitating the uptake of glucose into cells.
9. Is it possible to recover fully after experiencing a 900 blood sugar level?
Recovery from a 900 mg/dL blood sugar level depends on the promptness and effectiveness of medical intervention. With immediate and appropriate treatment, individuals can stabilize their blood sugar levels and recover from the acute episode. However, the experience underscores the importance of ongoing diabetes management to prevent future occurrences and mitigate long-term health risks. Long-term recovery also involves addressing any resulting complications and adjusting diabetes management strategies as needed.
10. Can stress cause blood sugar levels to spike to 900 mg/dL?
While stress can cause significant increases in blood sugar levels due to the release of stress hormones like cortisol and adrenaline, reaching a level as high as 900 mg/dL solely from stress is uncommon. Such extreme spikes are more likely associated with a combination of factors, including inadequate insulin levels, severe illness, or other underlying health conditions. Nonetheless, managing stress is an important aspect of overall blood sugar control.
Conclusion
A 900 blood sugar level is dangerously high and not normal under any circumstances. It signifies a severe medical condition that requires immediate attention to prevent life-threatening complications. By understanding the causes, recognizing the symptoms, and taking proactive steps to manage your health, you can significantly reduce the risk of experiencing such extreme blood sugar levels.
Effective management involves regular monitoring, adhering to prescribed medications, maintaining a healthy lifestyle, and seeking timely medical intervention when necessary. Additionally, staying informed about the latest research and dispelling common myths can empower individuals to take control of their diabetes management.
If you or someone you know is struggling with high blood sugar, don’t hesitate to seek professional medical help. Early intervention can save lives and improve long-term health outcomes. Remember, maintaining healthy blood sugar levels is vital for your overall well-being, and understanding the risks associated with high readings like 900 mg/dL can empower you to take proactive steps in managing your health.
References
- Mayo Clinic: High blood sugar (hyperglycemia)
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC): Diabetes
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK): Diabetic Ketoacidosis
- World Health Organization (WHO): Diabetes
- Harvard Health Publishing: Understanding the Blood Sugar Levels
- National Diabetes Education Program: Understanding Blood Glucose Levels
- Diabetes UK: What is High Blood Sugar?
